JAPANESE LANGUAGE

こん、学生たちや。
Pelajaran hari ini tentang penanggalan Jepang. Nah ini contoh kalimat:
今日は十九平成年号十二月六日木曜日です。
kyou wa juukyuu heisei nengou juunigatsu muika mokuyoubi desu.
Hari ini hari Kamis tanggal 6 Desember tahun Heisei 19 (2007).

jyuukyuu heisei nengou - Heisei 19. Era berdasarkan pemerintah di Jepang sekarang. Heisei (1898-sekarang) 19 berarti 2007.
shimotsuki - bulan Nopember
mikka - Tanggal tiga.
doyoubi - Hari Sabtu (elemen tanah).

Kita mulai pelajari yang kunonya dulu ya...

Sekarang kita mulai dari hari:
日曜日 nichiyoubi Minggu
月曜日 getsuyoubi Senin
火曜日 kayoubi Selasa
水曜日 suiyoubi Rabu
木曜日 mokuyoubi Kamis
金曜日 kinyoubi Jumat
土曜日 doyoubi Sabtu

Bulannya (yang kuno, modern pakenya ya ichigatsu, nigatsu dll)
睦月 mutsuki - Januari, bulan kasih sayang
如月 kisaragi - Februari, kunonya lagi 衣更着kinusaragi artinya berganti pakaian, bersiap untuk musim semi maksudnya
弥生 yayoi - Maret, hidup baru, awal musim semi maksudnya
卯月 uzuki - April (ketik: uduki), Bulan bunga "u"/"bou".
皐月 satsuki - Mei, bulan cepat.
五月 satsuki - Mei juga, bulan kelima maksudnya
水無月 minazuki - Juni (ketik: minaduki, seterusnya begitu...), bulan tanpa air (sui/mizu/mi=air,na/nai/muri=tidakada), pertengahan musim panas)
文月 fumizuki - Juli, bulan buku
葉月 hazuki - Augustus, bulan daun (hari rayanya di konoha kali ya... ^^)
長月 nagatsuki - September, bulan lama (waktunya)
神無月 kannatsuki - Oktober, bulan tanpa tuhan (ha... bingung juga aku), karena tuhannya lagi ngumpul di Kuil Izumo
神有月/神在月 kan'arizuki - Oktober, bulan adanya tuhan (dipakai di prefektur Izumo, karena tuhannya lagi ngumpul di Kuil Izumo
霜月 shimotsuki - November, bulan dingin/beku. Awal musim dingin.
師走 shiwasu - Desember, bulan para pendeta lari. Maksudnya lari adalah mengusahakan doa akhir tahun.

Ok sekarang yang modern:
一月 ichigatsu - Januari
二月 nigatsu - Pebruari
三月 sangatsu - Maret
四月 shigatsu - April
五月 gogatsu - Mei
六月 rokugatsu - Juni
七月 shichigatsu - Juli
八月 hachigatsu - Agustus
九月 kugatsu - September
十月 juugatsu - Oktober
十一月 juuichigatsu - Desember
十二月 juunigatsu - Unknown Month (hah?)
十三月 juusangatsu - gak penting ini
十四月 juushigatsu - ini apalagi
十五月 juugogatsu - tenang gw emang orangnya iseng
Kita emang sekarang makenya yang ini neh, tapi gak ada salahnya kita mengetahui yang tradisional kayak di atas kan?

Hari-Hari, apalin ya, ini urutan dari 1-31
一日 tsuitachi (ichinichi = seharian)
二日 futsuka
三日 mikka
四日 yokka
五日 itsuka
六日 muika
七日 nanoka
八日 youka
九日 kokonoka
十日 tooka
十一日 juuichinichi
十二日 juuninichi
十三日 juusannichi
十四日 juuyokka, juushinichi
十五日 juugonichi
十六日 juurokunichi
十七日 juunanoka, juunananichi, juushichinichi
十八日 juuhachinichi
十九日 juukunichi
二十日 hatsuka
二十一日 nijuuichinichi
二十二日 nijuuninichi
二十三日nijuusannichi
二十四日 nijuuyokka
二十五日 nijuugonichi
二十六日 nijuurokunichi
二十七日 nijuunananichi, nijuushichinichi, nijuunanoka
二十八日 nijuuhachinichi
二十九日 nijuukunichi, nijuukyuunichi
三十日 sanjuunichi
三十一日 sanjuuichinichi, sanjuutsutachi
三十二日 sanjuufutanichi (wew emang ada tanggal 32)
三十三日 sanjuumikka (lebih wew lagi)




語彙：今日の20語句
goi: kyou no nijuu goku
Vocabulary: Today's 20 Words

1. やっぱり・やはり yappari/yahari
Arti: Seperti yang diduga, tentu saja.

やっぱりコーヒーが好き。
yappari koohii ga suki
Tentu saja aku suka kopi (koohii=kopi).
やぱっり！
yappari!
Seperti yang kuduga!

2. でしょう・でしょ deshou/desho(lebih gaul)

いいでしょう。これはいいでしょう。
ii deshou? kore wa ii deshou?
Ini baik, bukan?

日本語が易しいでしょう。
nihongo ga yasashii deshou?
Bahasa Jepang itu gampang kan?

ちょっと危ないでしょう。
chotto abunai deshou?
Rada sulit kan?

3. 難い
nikui - sulit
4．易い
yasui - mudah

Pemakaian: verb (bentuk -masu) - masu + yasui/nikui
Contoh:
壊れやすい kowareyasui (mudah dipecahkan, mudah pecah: 壊れ物 kowaremono) = kowaremasu - masu + yasui = koware + yasui

このサーロインステーキは食べにくいです。
kono saaroin suteeki wa tabenikui desu.
Steak lulur luar (sirloin steak) ini sulit untuk dimakan.
(sirloin bukan shiruroin, tapi saaroin atau roosuniku)

このパソコンは使いやすいです。
kono pasokon wa tsukaiyasui desu.
Komputer Pribadi (PC) ini mudah digunakan.
(pasokon = Personal Computer - diambil dari Perso dan Com nya saja)

5. なるほど naruhodo
Arti: begitu ya...

ああなるほど。
aa naruhodo.
Oooo begitu.

6. ね ne
Arti: bukan?
Ini dipakai setelah desu/deshou

今日はいい天気でしょうね。
kyou wa ii tenki deshou ne?
Hari ini cuacanya baik, ya kan?

彼女は別品ですね。
kanojo wa beppin desu ne.
Dia (perempuan) wanita yang cantik kan?

7. 態と wazato
Arti: sengaja

わざとでしょ！
wazato desho!
Gue sengaja, tau!

彼はわざと嘘をつきましたか。
kare wa wazato uso wo tsukimashita ka?
Tadi dia sengaja berbohong?

8. 出る deru
Arti: keluar, muncul

キノ！出させる！
kino! desaseru
Kino! Keluarlah! (perintah)

-saseru: menyuruh

今は駅から出ている。
ima wa eki kara dete iru.
Sekarang (saya) sedang keluar dari stasiun.

9．来る kuru
Arti: datang

私は神奈川氏駅へ来ている。
watashi wa kanagawa-shi eki e kite iru.
Saya sedang pergi menuju Stasiun Kanagawa.
(kuru termasuk irregular verb. Jika ditempelkan ke -masu, -te, -ta dsb akan berubah menjadi kimasu, kite, kita, dsb. Jika ditempelkan ke -nai, -rareru, jadinya konai (tidak pergi), korareru (bisa pergi, rareru artinya dapat, wujud dekiru untuk irregular verb)).

e (tulisnya he): ke (tujuan)

10. 行く iku/yuku (ada aturannya deh kayaknya)
Arti: melanjuti, pergi.

北海道から行きましょう！
hokkaidou kara ikimashou!
Yuk kita pergi ke Hokaido!

kara: dari (asal)
-mashou: mari, ayo

11. 念のため nen no tame
Arti: Hanya untuk memastikan saja

念のため、薬を忘れないでね。
nen no tame, kusuri wo wasurenaide ne.
Buat mastiin aja, jangan lupa obat-obatannya.

-naide: Kata negatif bentuk -te.

12. きのせい ki no sei
Arti: cuma imajinasi

きのせい、でしょ？
ki no sei, desho?
Imajinasimu doang kan?

13. しかし shikashi
Arti: tapi...

しかし、貴方は只の人。
shikashi, anata wa tada no hito.
Tapi, kamu orang yang biasa-biasa saja.

14．でも demo
Arti: tetapi

でも、私はドイツ語とフランス語も話せる。
demo, watashi wa doitsu go to furansu go mo hanaseru
Tetapi saya juga bisa berbahasa Jerman dan Prancis.

doitsu: German
furansu (bukan furenchi): French

15．けれども kere domo
Arti: meskipun

けれども彼は中国人です。
kere domo kare wa chuugokujin desu.
Meskipun dia seorang cina...

chuugoku: RRC

16．ところで tokoro de
Arti: tidak peduli

ところで今は何時。
tokoro de ima wa nanji.
Tidak peduli sekarang jam berapa.

17．ところが tokoro ga
Arti: bagaimanapun juga

ところが演じにくい。
tokoro ga enji'nikui.
Bagaimanapun juga peran (ini) sulit.

18．ところがどっこい tokoro dokkoi
Arti: Lucu kok kamu mengobrol tentang ini lagi.

19．と、とか
to: dan
toka: a dan b dan c dan d dan e dan dst...

テリーとゲーリーは米国人です。
terii to geerii wa beikokujin desu.
Terry dan Garry adalah orang Amerika

beikoku: Amerika
amerika: Amerika

私は茶とかコーヒーとかレモネードとか苺ジュースとか林檎ジュースとか林檎酒とかワインとかベ ルモットとか シャンペンが好きです。
watashi wa cha toka koohii toka remoneedo toka ichigo juusu toka ringo juusu toka ringo shuu toka wain toka berumotto toka shanpen ga suki desu.
Saya suka: teh, kopi, jus lemon (lemonade), jus apel, bir apel, anggur (wine), dan champagne.

20．まで
Arti: sampai

ここからスラバヤは十二時間かかりました。
koko kara surabaya wa juuni jikan kakarimashita.
Dari sini sampai Surabaya memakan waktu 12 jam.


漢字いい感じ 第一
kanji ii kanji dai ichi

Mari bersenang-senang dengan kanji!

kanji
漢字を書いたらいい感じ、莞爾する。
kanji wo kaitara ii kanji, kanji suru.
Kanji yang pertama artinya tulisan karakter cina, kanji kedua artinya perasaan, kanji yang ketiga artinya senyum.
寛治代の官事の監事。
Kanjidai no kanji no kanji.
Kanjiday adalah era Kanji (lupa lagi taon berapa sampe berapa), kanji yang kedua artinya urusan pemerintah, kanji yang ketiga artinya manajer. Jadi artinya Manajer dari urusan pemerintahan dinasti Kanji.

undoujou - undouzou
運動場を使わせるか？うん、どうぞう。
undoujou wo tsukawaseruka? un, douzou.
undoujou artinya lapangan olahraga. tsukawaseru artinya boleh pinjam atau tidak. un, douzou (perpanjangan dari douzou) artinya um, silahkan.

ヤクルトの販売は来ます。“や。。。クルと思ったよ。”
yakuruto no hanbai wa kimasu. "ya... kuru to omotta yo."
yakuruto artinya Yakult. hanbai artinya penjual. ya... kuru to omotta yo maksudnya wah aku pikir kamu sudah datang. to omou artinya berpikir. to omotta adalah bentuk to omou + -tte + past tense (-te berubah menjadi -ta), jadinya to omotta.


柬蒲寨で赤子をあがりました。“ああ、いい赤ん坊じゃよ！”
kanbojia de akago wo agarimashita. "aa, ii akanbouja yo!"
Kanbojia ya artinya Kamboja (ditulis dalam katakana biasanya), akago dan akanbou artinya bayi. agaru artinya lahir. ii akanbouja artinya bayi yang baik (sehat). permainan katanya di kanbojia dan akanbouja.



Partikel-Partikel

は- dibaca "wa", sebagai penanda topik dan subjek kalimat
が - ga, sebagai penanda objek yang dikerjakan
の - no, kepunyaan
を - wo dibaca "o", penanda predikat
へ - dibaca "e", tujuan tempat
に - ni, sebagai penunjuk objek tempat
な - na, kata sifat
と - to, dan
で - de, keterangan tempat


Everyday Words: Part 1

Hai - Yes.
Iie - No.
Denwabangou- phone number
Watashi - I .
Tomorrow- Ashita
Kioku-memories
Anata - You .
kuroneko- black cat
kirei- beautiful
Namae - name
Minna-san - Everyone .
Kare - he/she
Okaerinasai - Welcome back!
O-genki desu - fine.
Gakkou - School
Kaimono - Shopping
Daijoubu - safe, all right, O.K.
Nan desu ka- what is it?
Yoroshiku - Please remember me, well, properly, suitably, best regards.
Kawaii - pretty, cute; lovely, charming, dear, darling, pet
Umi - Sea
Ookii - Big
Chiisai - Small
Hana- flower
Baka - Stupid.
Doushite - Why .
Ashita - Tomorrow .
Asatte - the day after tomorrow .
Kyou - Today .
Tomodachi - Friend .
Tanjoubi - Birthday
O tanjoubi omedetou - happy birthday .
Dare - Who.
Koko - Here .
Soko - There .
Dore- What/Which thing?
Sore- that near you
Are- that over there
Kochira-wa- this way
Asoko - Overthere .
Hayaku - Early, Hurry .
Matsu - to wait
Issho - Together
Zetta! Omoidatta - I remember everything.
Nani mo- Never mind
Sugui- Weird
Suzushii- Cool
Tomodatchi- friend
Oneji - Same
Zutto - Totally .
Himitsu - Secret .
Moshi Moshi - Hello *normally use when pick up the phone .
Nani - What ?

*Helpful Adjectives*
hayai early/fast
osoi late
takai tall/ expensive
yasui cheap
hikui short
ookii large
chisai small
urusai loud (annoying)
oishii delicious
mazui disgusting (taste)/ no good
kusai stinky

*Regular Verbs*

Here is a list of some of the many Regular "RU" verbs:
iru (to be (living))
taberu (to eat)
kaeru (to change/alter)
neru (to go to sleep/lay down)
deru (to come out/appear)
nigeru (to run away)
wasereru (to forget)
suteru (to throw away)
ageru (to give)
ageru (to raise up)
sageru (to lower down)
akeru (to open up)

Colours & Time
--------------

1 o'clock - ichiji
2 o'clock - niji
3 o'clock - sanji
4 o'clock - yoji
5 o'clock - goji
6 o'clock - rokuji
7 o'clock - shichiji
8 o'clock - hachiji
9 o'clock - kuji
10 o'clock- juuji
11 o'clock- juuichiji
12 o'clock- juuniji


Red - Aka
Blue - Aoi
Yellow - Kiiro
Green - Midori (popular japanese name!)
White - Shiro
Black - Kuro
Brown - Chairo
Gray - Haiiro
Orange - Daidaiiro
Light Blue - Mizuiro
Purple - Murasaki

Sentences
---------

Please go faster.- Motto hayaku itte kudasai.

Onamae wa nan to osshaimasu ka? - What is your name?

Hurry up.- Isoide kudasai.

What's your name?- Onamae wa nan desu ka?

Tsumetai mizu arimasu ka?- Do you have a glass of water?

Kamera - Camera

Terebi - Television set

Bideo - Video

Teepu rekoodaa - tape recorder

Rajio - Radio

Nooto - Note book

Pen - pen (pronounced as pan)

Booru pen - Ball point pen

Enpitsu - pencil

Hai, sou desu. - Yes, it is.

Iie, chigai masu - No it isn't

Love - ai(same as chinese)

Ghost - oni

Blood - chi

ai- love
ao- blue
aoi- hollyhoak
i- stomach
tokei-watch/clock
ie- house
ii- good
ue- up/upper
oi- nephew
shinobi ninja princess
hime- princess
ou- king
ruronin/rounin- wandering samurai
oi- (short) Hey!
kunoichi-female ninja
ka- mosquito
kai- shellfish
kaki- perisimmon
kaki- (short) oyster
ika- squid
kiku- chrysanthium
keikaku- plan
ko- child
koukou- (pronounced ko-ko) high school
sai- rhinosaurus
sake- salmon
kasa- umbrella
shishi- lion
shika- deer
shio- salt
ushi- cow
suika- watermelon
sekai- world

ookii = besar
chiisai = kecil
yasui = murah
takai = mahal
kurai = gelap
akarui = terang
oishii = enak (makanan)
mazui = tidak enak (makanan)
muzukashii = susah / sulit
ii / yoi = baik, bagus
warui = jelek
omoi = berat
karui = ringan
atsui = panas ( untuk cuaca)
atatakai = hangat (untuk cuaca)
tsumetai = dingin
samui = dingin (untuk cuaca)
nagai = panjang
mijikai = pendek
atarashii = baru
furui = lama
takai = tinggi
hikui = rendah
hayai = cepat
osoi = pelan
omoshiroi = menarik
isogashii = sibuk
tanoshii = menyenangkan

Greetings

Wakarimasen - I don't understand, I have no idea

Nandemonai - It's nothing! Meaning easy

Simpai Shinai - Don't worry about it.

Shizumatte kudasai - Please be quiet

Shizuka ni - Be quiet !

Damare - Shut up!

Moshi Moshi - Hello *normally use when pick up the phone .

Mata ashita - See you next day/tomorrow .

Dewa mata/ja mata - See you later .

Dou itashimashite - You're welcome .

Douzo osakini - Please, go ahead .

Gochiso sama deshita - Thanks for the food (after a meal) .

Itadakimasu - Thanks for the food (before a meal) .

Mou ichido - Once more .

O-daijini - Take care of yourself .

Douzo- here you are

(anata wa) Ogenki desu ka ? - How are you ?

Okaeri nasai - Welcome home .

Omedeto gozaimasu - Congratulations .

Onegaishimasu - Can you help me out?

Osakini - Pardon my going first .

Tadaima - I'm back (lit. "I have returned just now.")

O-denwa bangou wa nanban desu ka?- What is your phone number?

Okage sama de - thanks to you

Joodeki - Good job! Way to go!

Kaerimashou - Lets go home

Ganbette yo - Give it your best! Keep it up!

akemashite omedetou gozaimasu- Happy New Year!

kin ha shinen - Happy New Year!

1.Congratulations - omedetou gozaimasu / omedetou
2. Happy Birthday - Tanjoubi omedetou
3. Congratulations on your wedding - go kekkon omedetou gozaimasu
4. how is your condition - guai wa ikaga desu ka
5. how is your cold - kaze wa dou desu ka
6. thanks to your help, i have gotten better - okagesama de yoku narimashita
7. please take care of yourself - odaiji ni
8. i haven't seen you in a long time - gobusata shite imasu
9. long time no see - ohisashiburi desu / hisashiburi
10. happy new year - akemashite omedetou gozaimasu



LEVEL TWO

There are three types of verbs--Regular or "Ru" verbs, Irregulars and Special.

*Regular Verbs*

Here is a list of some of the many Regular "RU" verbs:
iru (to be (living))
taberu (to eat)
kaeru (to change/alter)
neru (to go to sleep/lay down)
deru (to come out/appear)
nigeru (to run away)
wasereru (to forget)
suteru (to throw away)
ageru (to give)
ageru (to raise up)
sageru (to lower down)
akeru (to open up)


Please note that they all end with "RU". This form, as is, is called the Dictionary form, because that is what you need to look up in the dictionary to find it. ;-) Simple enough, eh?
Regular "RU" verbs are the easiest verbs to learn. The reason is that to create any other verb form, merely drop the "RU" and add your ending. That's it!

For example, to create the future, past, negative or past negative Formal "Masu" forms, just drop the "RU" and add the ending as follows:

Tabe-ru (Dictionary form)
Tabe-masu (Pre-"masu" form)

-masu will eat (formal) (i.e. I'm gonna eat before training.)
-mashita ate (formal) (i.e. I ate before training)
-masen will not eat (formal) (i.e. I won't eat before training.)
-masendeshita didn't eat (formal) (i.e. I didn't eat before training.)
-mashou Let's ..... (formal)

To create the same future, past, negative and past negative Informal forms, just drop the "RU" and add ending as follows:
-ru [Present/Future] will eat (informal) (Dictionary form)
-ta [Past] ate (informal)
-nai [Present/Future Negative] will not eat (informal)
-nakatta [Past Negative] didn't eat (informal)

All the other forms below follow the exact same pattern. Drop the "RU". Add the ending.
-yasui (tabeyasui -> easy to eat)
-nikui (tabenikui -> hard to eat)
-you (tabeyou -> Let's eat.) [informal]
-nasai (tabenasai! -> Eat!) [Normal Directive]
-ro (tabero! -> EAT, butthead!) [Rude Directive]

-tai I/You want to eat (tabetai)
-tagaru Third person wants to eat (tabatagaru. Note: this one actually acts like a verb itself so you can change the final "ru" into another tense as above. For example, to say "He wanted (past) to eat." you say "Kare wa tabetagata.")

-ta hou ga ii You should ........ (Tabeta hou ga ii.-> You should eat it.)
-ta hou ga yokatta You should've ..... (Tabeta hou ga yokatta. -> You should've eaten.)
Note: These are the same as the past informal with hou ga ii/yokatta tacked on.

-nakute ii You don't have to ... (Tabenakute ii -> You don't have to eat it.)
-nakute yokatta I didn't have to ..... (Tabenakute yokatta -> I didn't have to eat it.)
Note: These are the same as the negative informal (tabenai) with the final "i" turned into "kute."


-tara [Possibility (Definite)] Detara .... When he comes out, ....
(If/When you meet Joe (and I know you will meet him because
you work with him), tell him hi.)
-reba [Possibility (Unsure)] Dereba.... *IF* that product ever comes out...
(If you meet Joe (and who knows if you'll ever meet him,
but *IF* you meet him), spend some time with him.)
-reba ii [Recommendation] Nereba ii. (You should sleep).
Dereba ii. (You should go/leave).

-ru to [Direct Causative]
(Hayaku taberu to, kimochi waruku narimasu.
(When I eat quickly, I get sick.)
-nai to [Direct Causative with Negative Effects]
(Naosanai to dame da ne.)
(If you don't fix it, it just won't do. i.e. You should fix it!)
-nakereba [Unsure Causative with Negative Effects]
(If you don't go, you will never know.)
-nakereba dame [Imperative] You must eat.
(Direct translation: If you don't eat, it is no good. i.e. You must eat!)
-nakutewa dame [same meaning as above] You must eat!
-nakutewa ikenai [same meaning as above] You must eat!


-rareru [Passive] to be eaten (You'll be eaten by the lion.)
-rareru [Ability]to be able to eat something
("Taberaremasuka?" Can you eat natto?)
-saseru [Permission/Coersion] to allow/force someone to eat
("Natto o Tabesaseta." I was allowed/forced to eat Natto.)
-saserareru [Permission/Coersion Passive]
to be forced to eat when you didn't want to eat (I'm not kidding!)
("Natto o Tabesaserareta."
(I was forced to eat Natto and hated every minute of it!)

*Conjunctions* (tack on the end of a ANY verb form)

-kara because ..... ("Mou Tabeta kara, Deru" Because I ate already, I'm taking off.)
-node because ..... [same as above]
-noni although ..... ("Tabeta noni, chotto kudasai."
(Although I already ate, could I have a little?)
-hazu should (be).... (Kuru hazu desu. (He should come. [future])
Kuru hazu deshita. (He should have come. [past])


*The "Te"-form*

The other major form of verbs in Japanese is called the "Te"-form. To create the "Te"-form with a Regular "RU" verb, simply drop the "RU" and add a "TE".

Tabe-te ("Te" form)

The "Te"-form itself is used to show a progression of actions. For example, you can say, "Natto o tabete, renshu ni ikimashita." Which means, "I ate natto, then went to practice." Not that they have anything to do with each other, it is just the order "eating first, then going" that is the point of this form.

Aside from its basic function as "an action preceding another," the "Te" form can be used with several suffixes that change its meaning and create cool phrases.

*Suffixes for "Te"-form*

kudasai Please .......... (Please eat.)
wa ikenai you must not .......... (You mustn't eat.)
wa dame you must not .......... (You mustn't eat.)
mo ii it is okay to ............. (You may eat./ It is okay to eat.)
mo dame it doesn't matter if you ............. (It doesn't matter if you take the medicine now,
it's too late. You blew it!)
hoshii to want someone else to do something (Tabete hoshii.-> I want you to eat it.)
hoshikunai to want someone else to not do something
(Tabete hoshikunai.-> I don't want you to eat it.
kara after ......, you ............ (After eating, let's go.)
irai since......, you ............(Since eating, I've been feeling sick.)

Lesson 2


i was born japanese,so you can be japanese by speaking the language and dressing up like one too ^^v please enjoy!!



"wow this is my second lesson in japanese and i'm sorry if i keep putting the word "ramen" it's an example!"



*Basic Structural Differences*
English follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure (I eat pizza)
Japanese uses a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure (Watashi-wa pizza-o tabemasu)

The "wa"s and "o"s are particles. They are tagged onto the end of nouns so you know what is the direct/indirect object and what is the subject.


*Working with Nouns* (things you can tack on the end of a noun)
desu is (Ben desu. -> I am Ben.)
deshita was (Fred deshita. -> That was Fred.)
dewa arimasen isn't ....... (Watashi dewa arimasen.-> It isn't me.)
dewa arimasen deshita wasn't ...... (Ramen dewa arimasen deshita -> It wasn't .)

da is (informal)
datta was (informal)
dewa nai isn't (informal)
dewa nakatta wasn't (informal)
(Note: "dewa" is frequently shortened to "ja" especially in spoken converstaion. It is used like
Ramen ja nai. -> It ain't . Watashi ja nakatta.-> It wasn't me.)

desho probably is (formal)
darou probably is (informal)
(These can be placed after just about anything--nouns, verbs, adjectives, noun adjectives)

no my/his/her .... (possessive, i.e.
Watashi no ramen wa.... -> My ramen.... (is warm., etc.)
Watashi no desu.-> That's mine.)


*Emphasis Sounds*
At the end of any sentence you can add certain sounds to change the feeling. Here are the main ones.

ka Takai desu ka? -> Is it expensive? (makes any sentence with a verb a question)
yo Takai desu yo! -> It's expensive! (exclamation)
ne Takai desu ne -> It's expensive, don't you agree?
Takai desu yo ne! -> It's frickin' expensive, don't you think!?!


*Particles* (Tack onto Nouns)
wa marks the subject (Watashi-wa Ben desu. -> I am Ben)
ga marks a specific subject (Watashi-ga Ben desu. -> *I* (not that
dude over there) am Ben. NOTE: BE CAREFUL WITH THIS ONE.
. CAN BE VERY RUDE IF NOT CAREFUL. AVOID IT UNLESS
OTHERWISE NOTED
o Direct object
ni/e toward a direction/place
ni/de in/at a place


*Helpful Adverbs*
suki to like (I like ramen.)
(note: if you have an object of your "liking," like ramen, you need
to slap a "ga" on the end of it so they know that it is ramen that you
like, as opposed to something else. This is the only time when
you can use "ga" without my permission. Place a
"desu/deshita/ja nai/ ja nakatta, etc. (anything from
above) on the end to make a past/negative sentence.)
i.e. ramen ga suki desu. -> I like ramen.
Natto ga suki dewa/ja nai. -> I don't like natto. (informal)
Natto ga suki dewa/ja nakatta. -> I used to not like natto. (informal)
Natto ga suki dewa/ja arimasen. -> I don't like natto. (formal)
Natto ga suki dewa/ja arimasen deshita -> I didn't like natto. (formal)

kirai to hate (Natto ga kirai desu.-> I hate natto.)

hoshii to want (ramen ga hoshii desu.-> I want ramen)
hoshikunai to not want (ramen ga hoshikunai. Sushi ga hoshii. ->
I don't want ramen. I want Sushi.

To add emphasis, you can add the word "dai" to the front of the suki/kirai, as in
Ramen ga dai suki desu.-> I *LOVE* Ramen.
Natto ga dai kirai desu.-> I *HATE* natto.


*Helpful Adjectives*
hayai early/fast
osoi late
takai tall/ expensive
yasui cheap
hikui short
ookii large
chisai small
urusai loud (annoying)
oishii delicious
mazui disgusting (taste)/ no good
kusai stinky

To make the past/negative of Adverbs (note they all end with "i"), change the "i" to "ku" and add the necessary "is/was"

Hayai desu -> It's fast.
Haya-ku nai (desu) -> It's not fast.
Haya-katta (desu). -> It was fast.
Haya-ku nakatta (desu) -> It wasn't fast.
(Notice how the "nai" of "It's not fast" turns into the "nakatta" to make it the past. This is exactly the change we saw in the working with "Nouns" section. Learn it well.

*Taking Control of Adjectives*
Hayaku naru -> It will become fast.
Hayaku suru -> I will make it fast.

(If it ends with an "i", it turns into "ku" to become an adverb. Examples:
Hayaku yomu.-> To read quickly.
Hayaku nomu.-> To drink quickly.

*Using Adjectives in Two Ways*
Ramen ga oishii desu. -> Ramen is delicious.
Oishii ramen ga suki desu. -> I like delicious ramen.
In the second one, the "oishii" is merely modifying the "ramen." This is how you make such phrases as "The tall man is my father." (Takai hito ha watashi no chichi desu.)


*Adjective Nouns*
kirei-na to be pretty
shizuka-na quiet
There are a handful of these little irregular thangs hanging around. They act like nouns grammatically (i.e. no need to change the "i" to "ku" in the past/negative, but they have the same meaning as adjectives. Examples:

Kirei desu ne. -> It/She/He is pretty, don't you think?
Kirei na hon desu. -> It's a nice book.
Shizuka na hito desu. -> He (unstated subject) is a quiet person.
Shizuka deshita. -> It was quiet.
Shizuka ja nakatta (desu). -> It wasn't (particularly) quiet.


LESSON THREE

*Irregular Verbs*

Irregular verbs don't use ONLY the "Pre-Masu" and "Te-forms" form. They use several forms, but they are fairly easy to get used to. One week of running through the variations in your head should be enough.

*Creating Formal "Masu" Forms*
To create the formal -masu, -mashita, etc. rather than dropping the "ru", simply drop only the "u" at the end of the dictionary form and replace it with an "i". Notice the change from "u" to "i". When the verb root has the "i" rather than the "u" it is called the "Pre-Masu" form.

iku (to go) -> ikimasu, ikimashita, ikimasen, ikimasendeshita
kaku (to write) -> kakimasu, kakimashita, kakimasen, kakimasendeshita
nomu (to drink) -> nomimasu, nomimashita, nomimasen, nomimasendeshita
oyogu (to swim) -> oyogimasu, oyogimashita, oyogimasen, oyogimasendeshita
kau (to buy) -> kaimasu, kaimashita, kaimasen, kaimasendeshita
katsu (to win) -> kachimasu, kachimashita, kachimasen, kachimasendeshita
sasu (to stab) -> sashimasu, sashimashita, sashimasen, sashimasendeshita
magaru (to turn) -> magarimasu, magarimashita, magarimasen, magarimasendeshita

*Create Negative Informal Forms*
To create the NEGATIVE Informal form, drop the "u" and replace it with an "a".
kaku, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), kakanai, kanakatta
nomu, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), nomanai, nomanakatta
oyogu, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), oyoganai, oyoganakatta
kau, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), kawanai, kawanakatta
katsu, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), katanai, katanakatta
sasu, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), sasanai, sasanakatta
magaru, (see "Te-form" below for descr. of simple past), magaranai, magaranakatta


*Creating the "Te"-form*
Another way that irregular verbs differ is in the "Te" form. You need the "Te" form to create the informal past as well. To do so, just replace the "Te" form "e" with an "a". That's it! Furthermore, you can use that past form to create the "tara" [Definite Causitive] form. Just throw an "ra" on the end and WALLAH! You got it!


If the verb ends with Its "Te" form is And its Informal Past form is

GROUP 1 (-u, -ru, -tsu --> -tte + -tta)
-u -tte -tta
kau (to buy) katte kudasai (Please buy it.) katta (I bought it)
harau (to pay) haratte kudasai (Please pay.) haratta (I paid)
arau (to wash) aratte kudasai (Please wash ..) aratta (I washed it)
warau (to laugh/smile) waratte wa dame (Don't laugh!) waratta (I laughed)
you (to get drunk) Yottemo, hakanai. (Even if I get drunk, I don't vomit) yotta (I was drunk)

-ru -tte -tta
tsukuru tsukutte kudasai (Please make it.) tsukutta (I made it)
wakaru wakatte kudasai (Please understand.) wakatta (I got it)
kaeru (to return home) kaette kudasai (Please go home.) kaetta (I went home)
toru (to take) totte kudasai (Please take one.) totta (I took it)
suwaru (to sit down) suwatte kudasai (Please sit down.) suwatta (I sat)
sawaru (to touch) sawarnaide kudasai (Don't touch!) sawatta (I touched it)

-tsu -tte -tta
katsu (to win) katte kudasai (Please win.) katta (I won.)

GROUP 2 (-bu, -mu, -nu --> -nde + -nda)
-bu -nde -nda
asobu (to play/have fun) asonde kudasai (Please play/have fun.) asonda (I played.)
yobu (to call) Ben o yonde kudasai (Please call me Ben.) yonda (I called him.)

-mu -nde -nda
nomu (to drink) Nonde kudasai (Please drink.) nonda (I drank it.)
yomu (to read) Yoku yonde kudasai (Please read it carefully.) yonda (I read it.)
tsukamu (to grab) Tsukande kudasai (Grab hold.) tsukanda (I grabbed it.)

-nu -nde -nda
shinu (to die) shinde kara (After you die, ....) shinda (He died.)

GROUP 3 (-ku, -su, -gu --> -ite/ide + ita/ida)

-ku -ite -ita
iku (to go) ite kudasai (Please go.) ita (I went)
kaku (to write) kaite kudasai (Please write it here.) kaita (I wrote it)
haku (to wear shoes/pants) haite kudasai (Please put on the slippers.) haitta (I put on my shoes)
haku (to vomit) haite wa dame (Don't vomit here!) haitta (I tossed my cookies)
hataraku (to work) hataraite imasu (I am working.) hataraita (I worked)
yaku (to cook) yoku yaitte kudasai (Cook it well./Well done, please.) yaitta (Cooked it)

-su -shite -shita
dasu (to put out) dashite kudasai (Please put out the cat.) dashita (I put it out)
kaesu (to return an item) kaeshite kudasai (Please return it to me.) kaeshita (I returned it)
sagasu (to look for) sagashite iru (I'm looking for it.) sagashita (I searched for it.)
sasu (to pierce/stab) sashite kudasai (Please stab him.) sashita (I stabbed him)

-gu -ide -ida
oyogu (to swim) oyoidemo ii (Go ahead. You can swim.) oyoida (I swam)
nugu (to remove clothing) nuide kudasai (Take off your shoes.) nuida (I took it all off)

Naturally, you can slap any of these other suffixes on the end of any of these "Te"-forms above (as I did in the examples)

kudasai Nonde kudasai. Please drink it.
wa ikenai Hataraite wa ikenai. You mustn't work.
wa dame Oyoide wa dame. You mustn't swim here.
mo ii Kaite mo ii desu ka? Can I write here?
mo dame Yonde mo dame. It doesn't matter if you call him (he's gone already).
hoshii Kaeshite hoshii. I want you to return it to me.
hoshikunai Sawate hoshikunai. I don't want you to touch it.
kara Nuide kara, oyogou. After you take it off, let's swim!
irai Oyoide irai, mizu ga kirai desu. Since I went swimming, I've hated water.


*Other Verbs Forms*

Use the Pre-Masu form for these. (i.e. the verb root has "i" rather than "u")
-yasui kakiyasui (easy to write)
-nikui kakinikui (hard to write)
-nasai kakinasai (Write!) [Normal Directive]
-tai kakitai (I/You want to write)
-tagaru kakitagaru (Third person wants to write)


Irregular verbs don't use the "-ro" suffix for the "EAT! [Rude Directive] In this case, the Dictionary form "u" changes to an "e." Examples,
Ike! (Go dammit!)
Kake! (Write dammit!)
Oyoge! (Swim dammit!)
Katte! (Win dammit!)
Sase! (Stab 'em dammit!). etc.

Irregular verbs don't use the "-you" suffix for the "Let's ....." (informal) either. In this case, the Dictionary form "u" changes to an "ou." Examples,
Ikou (Let's go)
Kakou (Let's write)
Oyogou (Let's go for a dip)
Katou (Let's win)
Sasou (Let's stab 'em). etc.

These use the informal past (i.e. Formed just like the "Te"-form but with a "Ta" instead.)
-ta hou ga ii Kaita hou ga ii.-> You should write it.)
-ta hou ga yokatta Oyoida hou ga yokatta. -> I should've swum.

These use the informal negative
-nakute ii Yobanakute ii. (You don't have to call him.)
-nakute yokatta Kawanakute yokatte. -> I didn't have to buy it.


[Possibilities]
-tara [Possibility (Definite)] Dereba, If you eat, .........
(If/When you meet Joe (and I know you will meet him), tell him hi.)

Irregular verbs don't use "-reba" [Possibility (Unsure)]. They use "eba" on the Pre-Masu. Remember: simply drop the "u" off the dictionary form and replace it with a "eba".
Examples, kakeba, oyogeba, yobeba, utaeba, etc.


[Recommendations work the same way. Simply say your "eba" form and add an "ii" to the end]
Kakeba ii. (You should write).
Oshiereba ii. (You should teach).
Utaeba ii (You should sing.), etc.
[The "I told you so" form is the same. Just make the "ii" into the past "yokatta"]
Kakeba yokatta. (You should've written it down).
Oshiereba yokatta. (I should've taught you).
Utaeba yokatta (You should've sang at the party.), etc.


-(dictionary form) + to [Direct Causitive] (Hayaku kaku to, yomenai yo
(If you write quickly, I can't read it.)

The "nai to", "nakereba ...", "nakutewa ..." forms all use the root of the negative informal.
Kakanai, Kakanakereba, Kakakutewa.... etc.
Oshienai to dame desu. -> You must teach!
Kakanakereba wakaranai. -> If you don't write it out for me, I won't understand.
Ikankutewa dame -> I gotta go!

*For the "rareru" [Passive], "saseru"[Permission/Coersion], "saserareru" [Permission/Coersion Passive] drop the "ra", "sa" or "sa" from each form and add it to the negative root. This functions as an "RU" verb now.
Kaku (to write) Kakanai (negative informal) -> drop the "nai" to create the root "kaka"
Kaka-reru, Kaka-seru, Kaka-serareru [say that ten times fast]
Utau (to sing) Utawanai (negative informal) -> drop the "nai" to create the root "utawa"
Utawa-reru, Utawa-seru, Utawa-serareru

For ability, you take the "u" and turn it into an "e-ru". This functions as an "RU" verb now.
kaku (to write) kakeru (I can write)